First, that these drugs are usually impure and will predictably contain certain synthetic contaminants. It is hoped that this review will bring attention to some often overlooked variables which can influence the pharmacological effects of clandestinely prepared drugs. Relatively little is known about the acute or chronic effects of these impurities. What is far more surprising is the diversity of pharmacological/toxicological effects that are associated with the impurities in the drug used by the drug abuser.
It appears that these compounds do have similar effects and once the user learns to adjust dosage, the drug rarely presents any further significant problems. In general, most of these new analogs have been previously reported in the literature with animal data that suggest they would be reasonably active and have similar pharmacological effects to the lead compound in the series. It is readily apparent from this review that the clandestine pharmaceutical industry has been very effective in providing new drugs and analogs for the illicit drug market. An impurity in another designer drug has caused several cases of irreversible Parkinson's disease. One class of such drugs has been associated with more than 100 overdose deaths in California. Under its broad umbrella have been grouped compounds possessing enormously different pharmacological properties-and enormously different levels of danger to the people who consume them. Until laws dealing with drugs of abuse are changed, it is likely that new products from their clandestine laboratories also will, for a time, be legal. Until recently, many of their products were perfectly legal. Their customers range from heroin addicts on the streets of Oakland, San Francisco, and Los Angeles to upscale young professionals in Marin County. They are the manufacturers of what have become known as designer drugs. The role of the forensic chemist at clandestine crime scenes is also discussed.Ī breed of underground chemists, most of them in California, are playing a deadly cat-and-mouse game with law enforcement authorities. The dangers associated with illicit drug production include a description of chemical, fire, explosive, and exposure hazards. The reactions represent a basic survey of those commonly used in clandestine operations. This has little, if any, affect on either the continuity or the depth of the topic under discussion. Consequently, critical information on specific steps and reagent amounts is intentionally omitted from selected procedures. It is not our intention to provide a detailed reference on the synthetic methods used to manufacture illegal drugs. The primary focus is on illicit methamphetamine production however, synthetic procedures commonly used in the clandestine production of cocaine (HCl and base), fentanyl, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, aka ecstasy), methcathinone, phencyclidine (PCP), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) are also included.
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